Campbell 21X Manual do Operador Página 138
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SECTION 13.
21X MEASUREMENTS
averaging the magnitude
of the results from
the
two
integrations
and using
the
polarity
from the
first.
An
exception
to this is
the differential
measurement in
Instruction
8 which
makes only
one
integration.
Setup Amplifier Integrotion
A/D Conversion
Settling
450
uS
250uS fost
550uS
16.67mS
slow
Reset
Integrotor
FIGURE 13.2-1.
Differential
Voltage
Measurement
Sequence
Because a
single-ended measurement
is
referenced
to
21X
ground,
any difference in
ground potential
between
the
sensor and the
21X
will
result
in
an error in
the measurement.
For
example, if the measuring
lunction
of
a
copper-constantan
thermocouple,
being
used
to
measure soiltemperature,
is not insulated
and
the
potential
of earth
ground
is
1mV
greater
at
the
sensor
than
at the
point
where
the 21X
is
grounded,
the measured
voltage would
be
1mV
greater
than the
thermocouple
output
or
approximately 25'C
high. Another
instance
where
a
ground potential
difference
creates a
problem
is in
a case
such as
described in
Section
7.2,
where
external signal
conditioning
circuitry
is
powered
from
the
same source as
the 21X.
Despite
being
tied to
the same
ground,
differences
in current
drain and lead
resistance
result in
different
ground potential
at
the two
instruments.
For
this reason
a
differential measurement
should be made on
an
analog
output from
the external
signal
conditioner. Ditferential
measurements
MUST
be used where
the inputs
are known
to be
different from
ground,
such as is
the case
with
the
output
from
a full
bridge.
In
order to make
a differential
measurement,
the inputs must
be within
the 21X common
mode
range of +5V.
The common
mode
range
is
the
voltage range,
relative
to 21X
ground,
within
which both inputs
of
a differential
measurement
must lie
in order for
the
differential
measurement
to
be made. For
example, if
the high
side of a differential
input is
at 4V and the low
side is at
3V relative
to
21X
ground,
there is no
problem;a
measurement
made
on the rSV range
would indicate
a
signal
of 1V. However, if
the high input
is
at 5.8V and
the low
input
is
at 4.8V,
the measurement
13-2
cannot
be made because the high
input is
outside of the
common
mode
range.
(The
21X
will indicate
the
overrange
with
the maximum
negative number,
see Section 3.5.)
Problems with
exceeding common
mode range
may
be encountered when
the 21X is used
to
read
the output of external
signal conditioning
circuitry if
a
good
ground
connection
does not
exist between
the
externalcircuitry
and the 21X
When
operating
where
AC
power
is
available, it
is not
always safe to assume
that a
good
ground
connection exists
through the AC
ll
a21X is
used
to measure
the output from
a
laboratory
instrument
(both
plugged
into AC
power
and referencing
ground
to outlet
ground),
it"is
best to run a
ground
wire
between
the 21X
and the
external
circuitry. Even
with this
connection,
the
ground potential
of the
two
instruments
may
not
be at exactly the
same
level, which
is why a difterentialmeasurement
i
desired.
A ditferential measurement has
better noise
rejection
than a single-ended measurement.
Integrating
the
signal
in
both directions
also
reduces input
offset
voltage
due to thermal
effects in
the amplifier
section
of the 21X. lnput
offset voltage
on
a single-ended
measurement
is less
than 5 microvolts; the input offset voltage
on
a differential measurement is less
than
1
microvolt.
A single-ended
measurement is
quite
satisfactory
in cases
where
noise is not
a
problem
and care
is taken
to avoid
ground
potential problems.
Channels
are available for
twice
as
many
single-ended measurements.
A
single-ended
measurement takes about half
the
time of a
differential
measurement,
which is
valuable in
cases
where
rapid sampling is
a
requirement.
NOTE:
Sustained
voltages in
excess of
+16 VDC
applied
to
the analog inputs will
damage
the
21X input
circuitry.
- 21X MICROLOGGER 1
- OPERATOR'S 1
- CopynlcHT 1
- GAI\/ 2
- SiCIEN'rIFIC 2
- OPT1ONS 3
- 1. FUNCTIONAL 4
- 2. INTERNAL 4
- 4. EXTERNAL 4
- 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 4
- PROGRAMMING 5
- EXAMPLES 5
- GLOSSARY 6
- TABLE 6
- I SELECTED 7
- CAUTIONARY 8
- MICROLOGGER 9
- OVERVIEW 9
- I contain 9
- OVl-z. 21X Wiring 10
- 1. Input 11
- OV2-1. lnstruction Types 12
- 2. PROCqS$NG TNSTRUCTTONS 13
- OV3. PROGRAMMING 14
- 2. Enter 15
- 3. Loaded from 16
- (lD:Data) 17
- 21 .234oC 18
- Ffalstorage 19
- 0. The Output Flag is 22
- 1. On-line output 23
- 96 Inst. 96 24
- RETRIEVAL 25
- SPECIFICATIONS 26
- 1. FUNCTIONAL 27
- A PROGRAM 28
- COMPILING 29
- LOGGING 29
- Intermediate Final 30
- A O4:XXXX 31
- "B 32
- A 01:0p 33
- 2hex) Discard current 35
- 3hex) Send signature 35
- 4hex) Load 35
- 5hex) Exit and 35
- 2\ The output array 36
- 0.000 +0.001 37
- . For example 38
- This is 39
- 1. microvolts 40
- 333. microvolts 40
- 3.7 USE 41
- 3.8 PROGRAM 42
- 1. A Subroutine 43
- 3. An 43
- 4. A case 43
- 3.9 INSTRUCTION MEMORY 44
- TEMP-RTD R 44
- SDM-CD16 6 44
- 41 z+EXP(x) 45
- 1+bins*R 46
- ERRORICODES 47
- EXTERNAL 48
- STORAGE 48
- PERIPHERALS 48
- Key ID:DATA 49
- A. Data transfer 50
- Drain 200mA typ./S 51
- Length C-60 recommended 51
- Quality 51
- CABLES ] 52
- 3. Insert 53
- I 54
- 4, An illegal character 55
- Iffi l:ff itffi 56
- REMOTE PROGRAMMING 57
- 5. TELECOMMUMCATIONS 57
- PIN SERIAL 59
- PIN ABR UO 59
- 6.2 ENABLING 60
- 6.3 INTERRUPTING 60
- 6.5 INTERFACING WITH 60
- ABR YO FUNCTION 61
- 7 DATA BITS 62
- I AT IPS-2's and 63
- 7.2 DATALOGGER 64
- 7.3 THERMOCOUPLE 65
- 7.6 207 TEMPERATURE 66
- Thermocouple 66
- 02: P12 66
- TIPPING 67
- 1 P 3 68
- 5 0.254 68
- Temperature 69
- 7.10 1OO 69
- Temperature RTD 70
- R" 70
- 05: 5000 71
- ADJUSTABLE 72
- :calculated to 73
- P34 Z=X+F 73
- 7.15 NONLINEAR 74
- -218.76 75
- 55 Polynomial 76
- SpatialAverage 77
- 02: P92 78
- 8.3 USING CONTROL 79
- SETS 1_16 80
- Al Mode 81
- 02: 641 81
- Excite, Delay,Volt(S 82
- Temp 107 Probe 82
- TO 0.540 83
- DESCRIPTION 84
- M(V2) 38 85
- Block Move 86
- 0.'l 87
- 0.69215 88
- 02: 1024 89
- SII1ULATED 90
- 02; 2048 91
- 02". 2048 92
- ZLoc' 93
- 9. INPUT/OUTPUT 94
- 0.3 Hz to 1000 Hz 95
- Input locations altered: 1 97
- Input locatiQns altered: 98
- Input locations 99
- 9 Output 100
- TYPE DESCRIPTION 101
- 22 EXCITATION 102
- . Locations 1-20 103
- A Trigger 104
- 3. Entering 105
- (Parameters 106
- LOCATION, "** 108
- 40 LN(X) 109
- 46 x MOD F 110
- 54 BLOCK 111
- . The magnitude of 112
- 59 BRIDGE TRANSFORM 113
- 60 FAST 113
- 2X=Yag6ilude&Phase 114
- 10. PROCESSING 115
- 1.24H2 115
- F*1*19'*g'; 116
- *F*A/N<fi<i*F*A/N 116
- LOC. REPRESENTATIVE 117
- LOC. REPRESENT 117
- 126 50411024 or 1 117
- 2. The 21X 118
- 62 COVARIANCE/CORRELATION 118
- 1. Input Processing 119
- 2. Averaging 119
- 3. Output Processing 119
- 1. Means: 120
- I minute and one 120
- N' is 121
- Quadrant 121
- 11. OUTPUT 122
- 01: 2 Repetitions 123
- 02: 4 Starting input 123
- *" 124
- 2 Repetitions 125
- 4 Number 125
- 2 Form 125
- 78 SEll HIGH 126
- 80 SET ACTIVE 126
- Ct',1,t Cu,z cu,ru 127
- PROGRAM 129
- CONTROL 129
- 4 lteration count 130
- 10: P87 131
- NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION 132
- NO. TYPE 133
- ASCII 1 134
- Binary 2 134
- 0-RFModem 135
- 01: 4 Decimal 136
- 1 1200 136
- 2 9600 136
- 3 76.800 136
- SECTION 137
- 21X MEASUREMENTS 137
- Setup Amplifier Integrotion 138
- 13.3 THE 139
- Error Constants 140
- 1 3.3-1 1, respectively 140
- 8723 j 141
- 22 15 62 141
- Error 142
- 2) V" 143
- 5oo 18603 144
- Rr does 145
- 13.4 THERMOCOUPLE 146
- .--.--'-\ 147
- Junction 148
- Source Error 150
- 13.5 BRIDGE 151
- 5 v RANGE) 152
- (milliseconds) 153
- '1-X 154
- 13.6 RESIST 155
- Quiescent 156
- REQUIREMENTS 157
- 3. Typicalcurrent 157
- I alkaline 158
- MSX5 MSX10 159
- 14.5 DIRECT 159
- 14.7 USE 160
- 14.8 GROUNDING 160
- MAINTENANCE 161
- CALIBRATION 161
- 9. Lock 162
- 14. INSTALLATION 163
- *ffiqgffiililH 164
- A. GLOSSARY 165
- : A number which 167
- B. PROM SIGNATURES 168
- APPENDIX C 169
- TELECOMMUNICATIONS 169
- 00 00 00 170
- F 171
- C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS 171
- 51,S0 represent 172
- M represents 172
- C. BINARY 173
- APPENDIX 174
- ASCII TABLE 174
- E. CHANGING 175
- E.3 CHANGING 176
- F. DOCUMENTATION 177
- 3 Save Program on 178
- ""r-",=L 179
- ............8 180
- 14. INST 181
- "t=r",=L 182
- MEASUREMENTS 183
- 21X TNDEX 184
- 60] 10-6 185
- I nitiate Telecommunications 186
- 72j 11-3 189
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